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MMR vaccine controversy - Wikipedia. The MMR vaccine controversy started with the 1. The Lancet linking the combined measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine to colitis and autism spectrum disorders.[1] The claims in the paper were widely reported,[2] leading to a sharp drop in vaccination rates in the UK and Ireland and increases in the incidence of measles and mumps, resulting in deaths and serious permanent injuries.[3][4] Following the initial claims in 1. Reviews of the evidence by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,[5] the American Academy of Pediatrics, the Institute of Medicine of the US National Academy of Sciences,[6] the UK National Health Service,[7] and the Cochrane Library[8] all found no link between the MMR vaccine and autism. An investigation by journalist Brian Deer found that Andrew Wakefield, the author of the original research paper linking the vaccine to autism, had multiple undeclared conflicts of interest,[9][1. The Lancet paper was partially retracted in 2. Lancet's editor- in- chief Richard Horton described it as "utterly false" and said that the journal had been "deceived".[1.

Wakefield was found guilty by the General Medical Council of serious professional misconduct in May 2. Medical Register, meaning he could no longer practice as a doctor in the UK.[1. In 2. 01. 1, Deer provided further information on Wakefield's improper research practices to the British Medical Journal, which in a signed editorial described the original paper as fraudulent.[1. The scientific consensus is the MMR vaccine has no link to the development of autism, and that this vaccine's benefits greatly outweigh its risks. Wakefield's paper was described as "perhaps, the most damaging medical hoax of the last 1. Physicians, medical journals, and editors[1.

Wakefield's actions as fraudulent and tied them to epidemics and deaths.[2. Background[edit]Before the autism- related controversy started in 1.

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In the first part of a special BMJ series, Brian Deer exposes the bogus data behind claims that launched a worldwide scare over the measles, mumps, and rubella.

MMR vaccine due to side effects associated with the Urabe mumps strain, including rare adverse events of aseptic meningitis, a transient mild form of viral meningitis.[2. A late- 1. 98. 0s trial in Britain of a form of the MMR vaccine containing the Urabe mumps strain produced three cases of probably associated febrile convulsions per 1,0. Concerns about adverse reactions to the vaccine were raised by American and Canadian authorities based on reports from Japan linking Urabe MMR with meningoencephalitis. Canadian authorities withdrew a Urabe- based vaccine in the late 1. The UK National Health Service introduced an MMR vaccine using the Urabe mumps strain in 1. Jeryl Lynn strain in September 1. With no such risk seen in vaccines using the Jeryl Lynn mumps strain,[2.

UK NHS withdrew two of the three MMR vaccines then available (Immravax, made by Merieux UK, and Pluserix, made by Smith. Kline Beecham) in favor of Merck Sharp and Dohme's MMR II brand, based on the Jeryl Lynn strain.[2. Although MMR administration did continue with MMR II, the MMR vaccination rate first began to fall after 1.

Wakefield that it was linked to Crohn's disease.[2. The Urabe strain remains in use in a number of countries; MMR with the Urabe strain is much cheaper to manufacture than with the Jeryl Lynn strain,[3.

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Revaccination campaign[edit]In the wake of the measles outbreaks, which occurred in England in 1. Watch Serpico Hindi Full Movie. British Health authorities predicted a major resurgence of measles in school- age children. Two strategies were then examined: either to target vaccination at all children without a history of prior measles vaccination or to immunize all children irrespective of vaccination history.[3.

In November 1. 99. Britain has undertaken" was commenced: [3. England aged 5–1.

MR) vaccine.[3. 3]MMR litigation starts[edit]In April 1. Richard Barr,[3. 4] a solicitor, succeeded in winning legal aid for the pursuit of a class action lawsuit against the manufacturers of MMR vaccines under the UK Consumer Protection Act 1.

The class action case was aimed at Aventis Pasteur, Smith. Kline. Beecham, and Merck, manufacturers respectively of Immravax, Pluserix- MMR and MMR II.[3. This suit, based on a claim that MMR is a defective product and should not have been used, was the first big class action lawsuit funded by the Legal Aid Board (which became the Legal Services Commission, which in turn was replaced by the Legal Aid Agency) after its formation in 1. Noticing two publications from Andrew Wakefield that explored the role of measles virus in Crohn's disease and inflammatory bowel disease,[3. Barr contacted Wakefield for his expertise. According to Wakefield supporters, the two men first met on 6 January 1.

The Legal Services Commission halted proceedings in September 2. LSC.[3. 9]1. 99. 8 The Lancet paper[edit]In February 1. Andrew Wakefield published a fraudulent paper in the respected British medical journal The Lancet, supported by a press conference[4. Bachelor Party 2: The Last Temptation Full Movie Part 1.

Royal Free Hospital in London.[4. This paper reported on twelve children with developmental disorders referred to the Royal Free Hospital. The parents or physicians of eight of these children were said to have linked the start of behavioral symptoms to MMR vaccination. The paper described a collection of bowel symptoms, endoscopy findings and biopsy findings that were said to be evidence of a possible novel syndrome that Wakefield would later call autistic enterocolitis, and recommended further study into the possible link between the condition and the MMR vaccine.

The paper suggested that the connection between autism and the gastrointestinal pathologies was real, but said it did not prove an association between the MMR vaccine and autism.[1]At the press conference before the paper's publication, later criticized as "science by press conference",[4. Wakefield said that he thought it prudent to use single vaccines instead of the MMR triple vaccine until this could be ruled out as an environmental trigger; parents of eight of the twelve children studied were said to have blamed the MMR vaccine, saying that symptoms of autism had set in within days of vaccination at approximately 1. Wakefield said, "I can't support the continued use of these three vaccines given in combination until this issue has been resolved."[4. In a video news release issued by the hospital to broadcasters in advance of the press conference, he called for MMR to be "suspended in favour of the single vaccines".[4. In a BBC interview Wakefield's mentor Roy Pounder, who was not a coauthor, "admitted the study was controversial". He added: "In hindsight it may be a better solution to give the vaccinations separately.. When the vaccinations were given individually there was no problem."[4.

These suggestions were not supported by Wakefield's coauthors nor by any scientific evidence.[4. The initial press coverage of the story was limited. The Guardian and the Independent reported it on their front pages, while the Daily Mail only gave the story a minor mention in the middle of the paper, and the Sun did not cover it.[2]Wakefield The Lancet paper controversy[edit]The controversy began to gain momentum in 2. Wakefield published papers suggesting that the immunisation programme was not safe. These were a review paper with no new evidence, published in a minor journal, and two papers on laboratory work that he claimed showed that measles virus had been found in tissue samples taken from children who had autism and bowel problems. There was wide media coverage including distressing anecdotal evidence from parents, and political coverage attacking the health service and government peaked with unmet demands that Prime minister Tony Blair reveal whether his infant son, Leo, had been given the vaccine.

It was the biggest science story of 2. In the period January to September 2. MMR mentioned Leo Blair, as opposed to only 2. Wakefield. Less than a third of the stories mentioned the overwhelming evidence that MMR is safe.[2] The paper, press conference and video sparked a major health scare in the United Kingdom.

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